It is known that forkhead box m1 (FOXM1) transcription factor is essential for initiation of carcinogen-induced liver tumors. Researchers from the Chicago have targeted FOXM1 in a mouse model which bears HCC by using a cell penetrating alternative reading frame (ARF) peptide treatment (a selected part of the whole protein). The treatment of the mice with ARF showed a significant reduction in tumor growth and tumor cell replication. The ARF peptide can inhibit FOXM1, which is responsible for liver (hepatocyte) DNA replication and cell division/growth (mitosis).